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Yale University: How Our Past Trauma Drives Our Brain’s Response to New Stress

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How Our Past Trauma Drives Our Brain’s Response to New Stress

By Isabella Backman

August 2025

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A new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences offers insight into how past stress impacts a person’s response to new stress.

There are two leading hypotheses about how trauma drives future responses to stress. One is the sensitization hypothesis, which poses that having a history of stress will make someone more reactive to future stressful situations.

“The thought is they’re primed for stress and hypersensitive,” explains principal investigator Elizabeth Goldfarb, PhD, assistant professor of psychiatry at Yale School of Medicine (YSM).

The other is the habituation hypothesis, which suggests that individuals with past trauma will essentially acclimate to stress and not have as strong of a response when new stress arises. Goldfarb and her colleagues were interested in putting both of these hypotheses to the test.

When it comes to past traumatic events, the brain keeps the score. Various neural networks connect different brain regions and allow them to communicate with each other. Some of these networks are associated with stress.

In the new study, researchers found that when individuals with past trauma were exposed to mild stress, these past trauma-related brain networks showed reduced connectivity, meaning they observed decreased synchronized communication across the associated brain regions.

“We asked what these networks do when you’re faced with a stressful situation,” says Goldfarb. “We found that when you’re in a mildly stressful situation, it’s helpful for your daily functioning and mental health symptoms to turn down that trauma network.”

Brain trauma networks quiet down when new stress arises

The researchers collected data from 170 people in the New Haven community, specifically about their lifetime exposure to traumatic events. “This encompasses anything from whether they’ve experienced psychosocial trauma, car accidents, natural disasters, and so on,” explains Felicia Hardi, PhD, postdoctoral fellow at Yale’s Wu Tsai Institute and the study’s first author.

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging data and machine learning, the researchers first identified brain networks associated with past trauma. Then, they tested how these brain networks responded to stress in two experiments. In the first, participants underwent a standard procedure for inducing stress that involves placing an arm in ice water. In a second separate experiment, participants received a pharmacological intervention with hydrocortisone, a hormone that the body releases in response to stress.

“We looked at how the brain keeps a record of past stressful events by identifying networks where stronger connections correspond to having more stressful life events in the past,” explains Goldfarb. “Then, we subjected that network to a mildly stressful situation in real time and tracked how it responded.”

In both experiments, brain networks associated with past trauma had reduced connectivity following mild stress, findings that support the habituation hypothesis.

We found that when you’re in a mildly stressful situation, it’s helpful for your daily functioning and mental health symptoms to turn down that trauma network.

Elizabeth Goldfarb, PhD

“We found that individuals were disengaging their trauma network when they were faced with mild stress,” says Hardi.

Furthermore, across all participants, people who experienced fewer depressive symptoms showed a more pronounced decrease in brain network connectivity.

“This suggests individuals with better mental health seem to be habituating their past trauma-related brain network more in the face of current stress,” Hardi adds.

Unpacking the relationship between trauma history and how we experience new stressful situations is an ongoing area of study. This research helps inform the big-picture questions around when stress may be helpful, and how the brain’s adaptive stress responses can be useful in challenging situations later on.

“There are many future directions for this work,” says Hardi.

The research reported in this news article was supported by the National Institutes of Health (awards K01AA027832KL2 and R21MH128740) and Yale University. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Additional support was provided by the Yale Wu Tsai Institute, the National Center for PTSD, and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation.

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Isabella-Backman

Isabella Backman

Senior Science Writer/Editor, YSM/YM

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The Rundown: Cisco sees AI agents as a digital workforce that absorbs routine tasks (like outages), enabling teams to focus on the complex strategic work — and what comes next. The key takeaway for companies? Mastering human-agent collaboration.

 The rise of a new agentic workforce
The Rundown: Cisco sees AI agents as a digital workforce that absorbs routine tasks (like outages), enabling teams to focus on the complex strategic work — and what comes next. The key takeaway for companies? Mastering human-agent collaboration.
Cheung: Cisco has said AI will make the world feel like it has “80B people.” What does that mean inside a company? And how far can AI go in network ops?
Sampath: For the first time, we’re deploying digital teammates that can plan, reason, and execute with autonomy. Every leader will manage a constellation of agents working in parallel — investigating, analyzing, remediating — while humans move up the stack to creativity, judgment, and strategic direction.
Within 12 months, I expect AI to resolve roughly 80% of pattern-based, routine network incidents autonomously. The final 20%, which are multi-vendor, legacy-heavy, or edge-case complexities, will take longer. But just like self-driving, progress will compound.
Sampath added: Over the next five years, the companies that learn to design for human–agent collaboration, with trust, governance, and intent at the core, will define the next era of operational performance.
Why it matters: Humans won’t be replaced by AI, but they will be pushed up the stack. As agents absorb the predictable and procedural, the premium will shift to judgment, creativity, and strategic thinking. The winning edge for businesses will come from pairing that human depth with agents’ speed and scale.
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Courage.Media: Britain Has Been Colonised by Immigrants


Britain Has Been Colonised by Immigrants

Scale without skill, growth without gain

17 Feb 2026

John Mac Ghlionn

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Sir Jim Ratcliffe has committed the modern British sin of saying out loud what many notice but few will admit. He looked at the numbers, the pressure on public services, rising welfare dependency, and rapid demographic change, and concluded that something is very wrong. Britain, he argues, has been “colonised by immigrants”. The population has surged to about 70 million despite declining birth rates. Sir Jim is right. Only the wilfully blind would claim Britain today resembles the country of the early 2000s, let alone the Britain of the 80s and 90s.

Ratcliffe’s warning echoes comments made years ago by John Cleese, who observed that London was “not really an English city anymore”. The response was as pathetic as it was predictable. Dismiss the speaker, ignore the substance; insert an ad hominem in place of an argument.

But walk through parts of the capital today, and the sensation isn’t one of cosmopolitan vibrancy. If anything, it’s one of dislocation. Shop signs change languages every few meters. Entire neighborhoods feel detached from the civic rhythms that once defined the city. Diversity, we’re assured, is enriching. But discontinuity breeds destabilization, and Britain is feeling its effects.

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The controversy surrounding Ratcliffe’s words rests on a deliberate conflation. Any criticism of immigration levels is recast as hostility toward immigrants themselves. That sleight of hand ends serious discussion. The issue is not whether newcomers contribute — some do, and do so admirably — but whether policy has prioritised scale over skill, speed over integration, and short-term labour fixes over long-term cohesion. When low-wage dependency expands while productivity stagnates, the social contract begins to fray. A welfare state built for balance can’t absorb perpetual imbalance.

Britain’s postwar immigration story contains success chapters worth celebrating. Doctors, engineers, entrepreneurs, and innovators have strengthened the nation. But the present debate concerns a different pattern: an influx weighted toward low-skilled labour entering an economy already struggling with housing shortages, stagnant wages, and overburdened public infrastructure. When supply outpaces absorption, pressure builds. Classrooms crowd. Surgeries overflow. Housing lists lengthen. The system strains, and strain breeds resentment.

As a chemical engineer-turned-industrial titan, Sir Jim understands how systems fail when inputs exceed their limits. You cannot add millions more variables to a closed vessel and expect stable pressure.

Dark humour may be the only way to cope with the absurdities. In parts of Britain, you can wait years for a council house, but a chicken tikka arrives before you’ve found the remote. The trains run late, potholes reproduce like rabbits, and the Home Office loses paperwork with the flair of a Vegas magician. Yet citizens are told all is well, while prices rise and fear of violent crime shadows ordinary life.

Ratcliffe is no sainted football saviour. His tenure at Manchester United has been turbulent, unpopular, and, at times, clumsy. Yet even critics concede he is an intelligent man willing to make unpopular decisions when he believes they are necessary. That trait, rare in an age of focus-group governance, is precisely what Britain lacks. Leadership now often resembles risk avoidance dressed as compassion. Difficult decisions are deferred. Problems compound. The bill arrives later, larger, and less negotiable.

To raise these concerns today is to risk social excommunication. The charge of “racist” is applied with mechanical speed. Yet a nation can’t navigate rapid demographic change while forbidding debate about its consequences. Democracies rely on candour. When candour disappears, distrust fills the vacuum. If immigration rises alongside increases in serious crime, including rape, the public deserves an honest, evidence-based discussion rather than reflexive dismissal.

As I write this, I see that Sir Jim has apologised for any offence his words caused. That is a shame. There was no need to retreat. If anything, he didn’t go far enough. A population jump of roughly 12 million in a few short years, driven largely by immigration, doesn’t require a demographer to understand its implications. At the same time, fewer British-born families are having children, while many young, skilled people choose to leave. Numbers reshape nations. New cultures enter the mix, enriching in some ways and challenging in others. Although cultural change is inevitable, a stable society depends on integration and the firm application of common laws, especially in safeguarding women and prosecuting dangerous criminals.

If the share of people born and raised in Britain continues to shrink while outward migration rises, the country’s character will inevitably shift. A society can evolve and endure, but it cannot transform beyond recognition and remain the same.

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