Sleep is essential for the body to recover, repair, and function at its best. Understanding sleep cycles can help you improve your sleep hygiene and wake up feeling truly refreshed.We may think of sleep as simply not being awake. But scientists divide sleep into two major types: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep or dreaming sleep, and non-REM or quiet sleep.Surprisingly, they are as different from each other as each one is from waking – yet both may be important for energy.Get your copy of Boosting Your Energy
Fatigue is a symptom, not a disease, and it’s experienced differently by different people. Fatigue from stress or lack of sleep usually subsides after a good night’s rest, while other fatigue is more persistent and may be debilitating even after restful sleep.
Harvard’s Special Health Report Boosting Your Energy provides advice and information from world-renowned medical experts that can help you discover the cause of your fatigue and find the right treatment or lifestyle changes. SHOW ME MORE →
Non-REM sleep involves three stages: light sleep, deeper sleep, and deep sleep. Sleep specialists believe that the last stage, known as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep, is the main time when your body renews and repairs itself. This stage of sleep appears to be the one that plays the greatest role in energy, enhancing your ability to make ATP, the body’s energy molecule.
In deep sleep, blood flow is directed less toward your brain, which cools measurably. At the beginning of this stage, the pituitary gland releases a pulse of growth hormone that stimulates tissue growth and muscle repair. Researchers have also detected increased blood levels of substances that activate your immune system, raising the possibility that deep sleep helps prepare the body to defend itself against infection.
Someone whose deep sleep is restricted will wake up feeling less refreshed than a person who got adequate deep sleep. When a sleep-deprived person gets some sleep, he or she will pass quickly through the lighter sleep stages into the deeper stages and spend a greater proportion of time there, suggesting that deep sleep fills an essential role in a person’s optimal functioning.
REM sleep helps restore your mind, perhaps in part by helping clear out irrelevant information. Studies of students’ ability to solve a complex puzzle involving abstract shapes suggest that the brain processes information overnight.
Students who got a good night’s sleep after seeing the puzzle fared much better at solving it compared to those asked to solve the puzzle immediately.
Professor Scott Lucas joins Maddie Hale for ‘The Week That Was’ to break down Trump’s NATO summit, Ukraine’s major military boost, the escalating Iran conflict, fresh questions over Trump’s behaviour, his crypto empire, and growing divisions within the Republican Party. Welcome to the Trump Report, join this channel to get access to perks – / @presidenttrumpreport
Microsoft Excel and Outlook can be among the most frustrating apps to use for professionals. Many have turned to AI for help, but the models powering that help may be quietly changing.
On Tuesday, Microsoft announced it is replacing OpenAI and Anthropic models with its own model in products like Excel and Outlook, Bloomberg reported, citing anonymous sources. Tens of thousands of AI prompts in those apps are now handled each week by internally built MAI models, according to the report.
The motivation behind this is simple: cutting costs. Using in-house models is much less expensive than licensing them from third parties. Just last month, Microsoft AI Chief Mustafa Suleyman stated Microsoft’s intention to reduce spending by slowly weaning off Anthropic models in favor of MAI models, which span reasoning, image, voice, and coding.
While the move to proprietary models will cut costs, it carries some risk. Working professionals and enterprises are supercharging the race to deploy AI, and they want the fastest and most effective models, such as the ones Anthropic has become known for in the enterprise.
Anthropic just released its report on how people are using Claude Cowork, highlighting how much knowledge workers are leaning on AI.
The report found that, from a sample of 1.2 million anonymized and aggregated Claude Cowork sessions, a third of Claude’s Cowork sessions involve business operations (33.4%), with the next top use cases including content creation and copywriting (16.4%), software development (8.7%), and DevOps and infrastructure (7.0%).
Microsoft’s move to its own proprietary models isn’t the first cost-cutting move this week. It eliminated 4,800 jobs (2.1% of its workforce) on Monday. While there is no denying that most companies are feeling the squeeze of AI due to expenses related to building, running, and serving AI services, Amy Coleman, EVP and Chief People Officer, made it clear in communications with employees that “the roles eliminated today are not being replaced by AI.” However, the company is shifting resources to expand its AI division.
If the MAI models prove highly efficient for users and less costly for Microsoft to run, they could help the company pull audiences away from Anthropic and other enterprise competitors.Microsoft already has a built-in edge here: decades of Office 365 dominance mean it has users locked into its walled garden, and those users trust Microsoft in a way that’s hard to replicate. Even if Microsoft’s models are only 80% to 90% as good as the latest frontier models from Anthropic, OpenAI, and Google, many enterprises may be willing to make the trade-off if the models are less expensive and viewed as being safer.
We are excited to share that Dr. Dariusz Nasiek has officially launched a remarkable new initiative — born of his genuine passion for innovation and his unwavering commitment to educating those around him.
On May 28, 2026, at our monthly dinner seminar, Dr. Nasiek proudly introduced this new educational program in partnership with the AI professionals at Piazza Consulting Group. These monthly evenings bring together colleagues, staff, healthcare professionals, and curious community members for engaging, practical conversations about Artificial Intelligence — what it is, how it works, and how it can work for you.
The series begins with accessible introductory sessions and will progress to more advanced topics — a genuine journey from AI awareness to AI confidence.
Why This Matters Right Now The numbers tell a compelling story. Over one-third of people worldwide now use AI tools in some form — yet most interactions remain surface-level. The deeper, more powerful capabilities of AI are still largely unknown to the general public. Very few people truly appreciate how rapidly this technology is changing the world around them.
The job market is already responding. Demand for what experts call “AI fluency” — the practical ability to use these tools meaningfully — is surging faster than nearly any other workplace skill.
Research shows that roles requiring AI-assisted analysis and judgment have grown by approximately 20%, while positions focused purely on repetitive tasks have declined significantly.
The message is clear: the most valuable skill today is not simply doing the task — it is knowing how to apply AI to an opportunity and deliver real results.
Dr. Nasiek’s Vision This initiative reflects Dr. Nasiek’s lifelong dedication to education — from his clinical work in pain management and traumatic brain injury, to his latest book “Brain Impact: Navigating Traumatic Brain Injury After Accidents.” He strongly believes that knowledge opens doors and that AI literacy is now one of the most important tools any professional — or curious individual — can develop.His goal is simple and powerful: to ensure that his staff, colleagues, and community are informed, confident, and prepared — not left behind.
Join Us at the Next Session Details for our upcoming July dinner seminar will be announced shortly. Space is limited, the conversations are lively, and the food is wonderful.
We hope to see you there. In preparation for the seminar, please download Perplexity on your mobile device from the App Store or Google Play Store.
Dariusz Nasiek, MD — Anesthesiology | Pain Medicine | Interventional Pain Management Allied Neurology and Interventional Pain Practice Englewood, New Jersey
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Economists have spent the past week arguing about why 720,000 people walked away from the labor force in a single month. Laura Ullrich, director of economics at Indeed Hiring Lab and a former Richmond Fed economist, says that rather than treating June’s slide to a 61.5% labor force participation rate—the lowest reading outside the pandemic since 1976—as a story about discouraged workers giving up, it’s actually about supply: There simply aren’t enough workers left to fill the jobs employers have.
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“Historically, you’ve been able to look at jobs numbers like what came out on Friday and say, ‘okay, there was a decline in leisure and hospitality. Well, that means there’s less demand for those workers,’” Ullrich told Fortune. “But I think now, and more commonly as we go forward, it actually could be labor supply driving some of that. There are two reasons why you might not add jobs in a month: One is there’s no demand for workers, the other is there is demand, but there’s not enough supply.”
A shrinking economy in the works
Ullrich co-authored a May report from Indeed Hiring Lab, “The Great Mismatch: How a Shrinking Workforce, AI, and Labor Reallocation Will Define the Next 15 Years,” projecting the labor force would begin shrinking in 2026. The finding was particularly driven by a combination of immigration policy changes and what Ullrich calls “the demographic cliff”—the accelerating retirement of the baby boomer generation. The report estimates the labor force will decline by roughly 3.7%, or 5.9 million workers, between 2025 and 2032, before partially recovering. It also projects the aggregate unemployment rate could climb by 0.5 to 3.5 percentage points by 2040, to nearly 8% in the more severe scenario.
“When we first ran the numbers and saw that we were actually predicting the labor force was going to start declining this year, I was like, ‘oh gosh, I don’t know,’” Ullrich said. Around the same time, then-Fed Chair Jerome Powell told reporters the economy was seeing “very, very low, nonexistent, really” growth in the labor force. “I was like, okay, I think we are here with the demographic changes and the share of baby boomers that are leaving the workforce.”
The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ own 10-year projections already point to declining participation, Ullrich said, and those projections predate the current immigration restrictions.
“I think when their estimates come out this next year, they’ll be even more severe declines, because immigrant workers are both younger than native-born workers, but also have higher labor force participation rates.”
Native vs. foreign-born workers
Ullrich also pointed to BLS data comparing labor force participation between foreign-born and native-born workers, showing foreign-born individuals have a participation rate of 66.3%, compared with 61.6% for native-born workers. Among men, the gap widens: 76.9% for foreign-born men, as compared to 65.8% for native-born men. But the pattern flips among women: Native-born women have higher participation rates than immigrant women, particularly immigrant women with young children, who are less likely to work than their native-born counterparts.
Age compounds the effect: Roughly 70.1% of foreign-born individuals are between 25 and 54, considered the “prime-age” years, as compared with 62.7% of native-born Americans.
“If immigration declines, you have two impacts that are related: Immigrant workers tend to be younger than native-born workers, so by definition you get an older workforce, and labor force participation rates, even within the same age groups, are higher, especially for foreign-born men,” Ullrich said.
The great AI mismatch
AI is accelerating a mismatch in which the available workers aren’t lining up with where the job openings are. That’s because the technology is projected to hit the information sector, financial activities, and professional business services hardest, which are exactly the sectors with the youngest workforces and the most graduates trying to get in. In the report’s more AI-disruptive scenario, the combined unemployment rate across those three sectors rises from 4% in 2025 to 12% by 2032: 21.2% in information, 11.8% in financial activities, and 10.7% in professional and business services.
“People go and study things to go work in finance or computer science because those have historically been really successful paths, and so there continues to be people trying to flow into those sectors when actually AI is impacting those first and most severely,” Ullrich said.
Meanwhile, sectors with rapidly aging workforces, like in government, health care, education, and construction, aren’t attracting enough new entrants, and the report finds AI does little to close that gap. Ullrich cited internal research she’s been doing on health care demographics: In New Mexico, 39.2% of physicians are over age 60. Nursing has a related but different bottleneck, the report finds: 68% of nurses entered the profession directly, and 72% who leave a nursing job stay in the field, which is evidence of how high credentialing and training barriers seal off the profession from workers in other industries, even when there’s plenty of demand.
Low-wage, high-demand fields like home health aide work face the starkest supply gap of all, Ullrich said, as demand rises with an aging population but pay hasn’t kept pace: “It’s a mismatch problem. In theory, AI should make the match easier, but it still creates this friction that we estimate will bring down employment.”
But so far in how much the tech has advanced, there’s still more to be desired.
“I do not believe there are a lot of AI agents doing work that people used to do, yet,” she said. “The investment choices, the purchasing choices of firms of increasing capex spending, that’s offsetting labor. That’s an indirect impact of AI.”
Indeed modeled the labor force through 2040 under two scenarios: one in which AI destroys a significant number of jobs, and one in which it augments human labor and creates new ones.
“No matter what we did with AI in our model, demographics were the bigger story,” Ullrich said.
Ullrich also flagged the upcoming wealth transfer from baby boomers, the wealthiest generation in U.S. history, to Gen X and older millennials as a factor Indeed’s current model doesn’t yet capture.
“Economic theory would tell you that would impact the labor decisions of those people that get those transfers,” she said, suggesting retirement ages could fall further for the generations behind boomers unevenly, concentrated among white-collar workers likely to inherit the most.
That some of the drop in participation may be voluntary rather than distress-driven is also consistent with how financially secure households say they feel. In the Fed’s Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking, the share of adults who say they’re at least doing okay financially has held steady at 72%-73% for the past three years—down from a stimulus-inflated 78% in 2021, but not the kind of deterioration that would point to widespread economic desperation behind June’s exodus from the labor force. Still, that’s before the quick technological change that’s been made in the recent few years.
“It’s incredibly interesting to be in this demographic situation at the same time you’re in a period of technological innovation,” she said.
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New scheme will recognise ‘hidden’ children and connect them to vital support
Around 193,000 children have a parent in prison
Part of Government action to stop kids falling through the cracks
Vulnerable children with a parent in prison will be recognised earlier and better supported under Government efforts to give every child the best start in life.
A new scheme launching this summer will join up information held across public services – including prisons, police and local councils. This will mean, for the first time, police forces will share information with local authorities in targeted areas about parents who have gone into prison, and government will bring together existing data to share it with local authorities, meaning children and families get the vital support to health, education and social services.
An estimated 193,000 children in England and Wales have a parent in prison each year, which can have long-lasting impacts on their schooling, mental health and future job prospects as they grow up.
Currently information is fragmented and split across services meaning children are too often at risk of falling through the cracks and missing out on support that puts them on the backfoot through no fault of their own.
The scheme will initially target areas with high rates of parental imprisonment, learning from what works, with an ambition to roll out across more areas of the country – delivering on a manifesto commitment to better support children with a parent in custody.
Minister for Sentencing and Youth Justice, Jake Richards, said:
For too long, these children have been invisible to the system. If we do not know who they are, we cannot support them – and if we cannot support them, we risk another generation being pulled into a cycle of disadvantage.
We made a promise to protect these children and stop them paying the price for their parents’ crimes. Today we are making good on that pledge.
Minister for Children, Josh MacAlister, said:
No child should be defined by the actions of a parent, especially when that parent is in prison.
This pilot will deliver urgently needed support for children’s mental health, education and wellbeing, helping those with a parent in prison to overcome challenges and thrive. It is a crucial step in breaking the link between background and success.
Once identified, families will be offered tailored support according to their individual needs. This will include helping children with their emotional wellbeing, confidence and sense of belonging.
Families will also be connected to local services such as Family Hubs, and directed to a range of other support including help with physical and mental health, housing advice, youth services, and services run by local charities.
POPS Director, Lynn Kelly, said:
POPS welcomes the Government’s commitment to improving support for children affected by parental imprisonment. POPS is a charity with 40 years’ experience of working in prisons and in the community, delivering support, guidance and interventions to children and families affected by the justice system. Our experience demonstrates that children and their families benefit significantly from early, specialist and non-judgemental support.
As pilot programmes develop, we welcome the opportunity to share both our experience and the lived experiences of the children and families who use our services. We look forward to seeing the knowledge and expertise of the third sector placed at the heart of the design and delivery of this important work.
Children and young people affected by parental imprisonment need support in trusted spaces within their own communities, shaped by the needs they identify. Understanding the impact of parental imprisonment and other vital factors is essential to designing this support to combat any further stigmatisation experienced by children and their families. Clinks Families Network members, and the children and families they support, will continue to contribute to discussions on how the proposed pilots should develop to achieve the best possible outcomes.
Today’s announcement builds on the Government’s wider action to give every child the best start in life, including investment in family support services, reform of children’s social care, and the mission to halve knife crime within a decade. These actions will help build stronger communities, a fairer society and a more prosperous economy.
Notes to editors
The pilot will run from 2026 to 2028, starting over the summer with an official launch in autumn 2026. It is being run by the Ministry of Justice and the Department for Education.
A full Data Protection Impact Assessment will be completed. All data sharing will comply with relevant data protection legislation and the Human Rights Act.
The Government’s 2024 manifesto said “The children of those who are imprisoned are at far greater risk of being drawn into crime than their peers. We will ensure that those young people are identified and offered support to break the cycle.”
Brilliantly interesting discussion between Nobel laureate Joel Mokyr and Tyler Cowen, mostly on the differences between Europe and China across the entire second millennium. Additionally, Mokyr attributes Britain’s lead in the industrial revolution to its apprenticeship system, which allowed youths choose their ‘master’. On the continent, guilds predominated the trades, which meant less choice and competition. Somewhat ironic given that Britain has for decades bemoaned the inferiority of its current apprenticeship system to that of Germany’s.
Joel Mokyr co-won the 2025 economics Nobel for exploring the question that traces back to the beginning of economics: how did sustained economic growth suddenly become normal? For nearly all of human history, cleverness didn’t compound. What changed, according to Mokyr, was twofold: first, you need to know why something works, so that one advance can seed the next; second, you need a culture willing to tolerate the disruption.
His new book contrasts Europe with China, showing how Europeans learned to cooperate with people they weren’t related to, in guilds, monasteries, cities, and universities, while China organized itself around the extended clan. One path led to internal stability and peace; the other, more restless and outward-looking, was the one that decided the world could always be made better.
Tyler and Joel discuss European corporations vs. Chinese clans, why the Catholic Church became obsessed with cousin-marriage, how persistent cultural trends really are, why Chinese cities became so populous relative to Europe, why it took so long for European living standards to surpass China’s, why sinified invaders kept getting swallowed by the dynasties they conquered, how geography kept Europe fragmented and China unified, where India fits into the story, why the Romans never made spectacles, why British soldiers stood two inches taller than the French, what powered the sudden rise of 19th-century German science, how disruptive winning a Nobel is, and much more. Recorded February 20th, 2026 This episode was made possible through the support of the John Templeton Foundation. Transcript and links: https://conversationswithtyler.com/ep…
One year after the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for two senior Taliban leaders because of their severe persecution of women and girls, they remain at large. They should be delivered to The Hague.
View in browser PRESENTED BY META Axios AM By Mike Allen · Jul 09, 2026Happy Thursday! Smart Brevity™ count: 1,996 words … 7½ mins. Thanks to Noah Bressner for orchestrating. Edited by Bill Kole.Kick-starting the day: The World Cup quarterfinals get underway this afternoon with a 4 p.m. ET showdown between France and Morocco. Get the latest.Please join me Wednesday, July 15, at 8 a.m. at Axios House DC for News Shapers interviews with U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer, Bank of America CEO Brian Moynihan, Rep. Madeleine Dean (D-Pa.), Sen. Bill Hagerty (R-Tenn.), Washington Commanders President Mark Clouse & more.RSVP here. 1 big thing: 3 big AI trends collide Illustration: Sarah Grillo/Axios. Stock: Getty Images
Three AI trends are accelerating and colliding, forcing government, business and investors to rethink strategies in real time, Jim VandeHei and Mike Allen write in a “Behind the Curtain” column.
AI is getting bigger and better, both here and in China.
The U.S. government is scrambling to keep pace by creating a regulatory framework, perhaps with international reach.
Both America andChina are considering blocking access to their best AI, in recognition of the rising stakes.
Why it matters: The explosive rise of truly autonomous agents is forcing Washington and Beijing away from light-touch oversight, transforming the global AI race from a commercial sprint into a national-security standoff.
Here’s our latest intel on each trend, based on conversations with top AI execs and administration sources, and our team’s stress-testing of advanced AI models:
1. Models muscle up: Increases in the capability of the big AI models (led by OpenAI’s ChatGPT, Anthropic’s Claude and Google’s Gemini) tend to get covered incrementally by the media. But we’ve just lived through a transformational few months.
Anthropic’s Fable and Mythos models — restricted in June for nearly three weeks over security concerns — have set a new standard for the mind-boggling power of frontier AI. Engineers can hand these models entire multimillion-line codebases and walk away for days, trusting agents to rebuild outdated systems, fix their own bugs and test their own work with shockingly little oversight.
After a “voluntary” delay due to government consultations, OpenAI came roaring back with Sol — a model early testers describe as a quantum leap in agentic power. Developers have been left slack-jawed by its ability to summon swarms of sub-agents that collaborate, hunt for security flaws and rewrite software at speeds that make previous models feel like dial-up.
Elon Musk’s SpaceXAI, fresh off its record-breaking IPO and $60 billion acquisition of Cursor, clawed its way back into the AI race yesterday with the release of Grok 4.5 — a model triple the size of its predecessor.Musk says another model nearly twice as large is coming next month, doubling down on a bet that raw scale, not just smarter training, still wins.
Meanwhile,China is dominating the open-source race. GLM-5.2, built by Chinese startup Z.ai, is free to download and now performs in the same tier as America’s priciest models.Z.ai founder Jie Tang predicted China will achieve a “Fable-class” model before Q1 of 2027.
2. Administration activating: President Trump initially took a laissez-faire approach to AI as a way of keeping America’s lead over China. But we’ve learned that top officials are vigorously debating a much more systemic and prescriptive approach, including protocols for the AI labs to follow before releasing their most powerful models.
“The possibilities are wide open,” said an outside adviser deeply involved in the conversations.
Trump is reluctant to regulate, as is clear from his approach across much of the Executive Branch. But the power of Claude Mythos 5 and Fable 5 has roused many officials to favor a more robust, less ad hoc approach.
Restrictions on those models showed the administration’s hand: If national security becomes an issue, complying with the government becomes mandatory, as evidenced by Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick’s letters to Anthropic. A U.S. official told us:
“The export controls were effective [in] ensuring Anthropic worked with the administration.”Mythos, we were told again and again, was a wake-up call that more guardrails are needed. We’ve learned Trump officials are considering a new governing body for vetting AI, with the possibility of including other nations.
3. U.S., China contemplate controls:Chinese authorities have met with top tech firms over the past month to discuss restricting overseas access to the country’s most advanced AI models, Reuters reported this week.
When we started asking around about the report, we were surprised to hear the U.S. is kicking around ways to restrict Chinese access to U.S. models, perhaps through export controls. These conversations are very preliminary, with little agreement about what measures could actually work.
This isn’t just about American competitiveness — national security is at stake. “AI is already deeply integrated into both countries’ intelligence and military, which will change the geopolitical competition and the nature of warfare,” said an insider who talks with competing factions of the administration
.The bottom line: We’ve entered the Big Phase — big government considering new rules, big AI in a neck-and-neck race for frontier supremacy, and the big global showdown of China vs. USA.
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Axios AM: 3 big AI trends
Happy Thursday! Smart Brevity™ count: 1,996 words … 7½ mins. Thanks to Noah Bressner for orchestrating. Edited by Bill Kole.
Kick-starting the day: The World Cup 
Please join me Wednesday, July 15, at 8 a.m. at Axios House DC for News Shapers interviews with U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer, Bank of America CEO Brian Moynihan, Rep. Madeleine Dean (D-Pa.), Sen. Bill Hagerty (R-Tenn.), Washington Commanders President Mark Clouse & more. 
Illustration: Sarah Grillo/Axios. Stock: Getty Images 
